The origins of PENCIL
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Definition
Pencils are writing instruments and the painting was originally made of pure graphite. Writing is done by scraping graphite onto the media. However, pure graphite tends to break easily, too soft, giving the effect of media now soiled with the hand rub, and when held hands dirty. Since then created a mixture of graphite with clay to the composition harder. Furthermore, the composition of the mixture is wrapped with paper or wood.
History
The use of lead and graphite has been started since the days of Greece. Both give the effect of gray streaks, although graphite a little more black. Graphite is very rarely used until later in 1564 discovered a pure graphite content in large numbers in Borrowdale, a valley in the Lake District, northern England. Although it looked like coal, minerals can not be burned, and it left a shiny black, and easily removed on a writing surface. At this time the term graphite is still confused with tin, lead, and Plumbago, meaning "like lead" considering its almost the same. Hence the term lead pencil (pencil lead) is still used today. Because of a greasy texture, wrapped in a sheepskin chunks or small pieces of tin berbentuktongkat bandaged with a rope. No one knows who first had the idea to put lead into a wooden container, but in 1560's, a primitive pencil had reached the European continent.
Soon, the lead was mined and exported to meet the demands of artists, and in the 17th century, to say the lead has been used everywhere. At the same time, manufacturers experimented with a black lead pencil to produce a better writing instrument. Pure and easily extracted, lead from Borrowdale became the target of thieves and traffickers. To overcome this, the British Parliament passed legislation in 1752 that the theft of lead could be imprisoned or banished to a penal colony.
But in 1779, a chemist Carl W. Scheele researched and concluded that the graphite has a much different chemical properties with lead. Graphite is pure carbon molecule composition of the software. Finally in 1789, the German geologists, Abraham G. Werner gave the name graphite, which is derived from Greek words graphein, which means writing. Thus, the contents of a pencil instead of tin.
Developments Pencil
Over the years, the British monopoly graphite pencil-making industry because it was pure enough for use without further processing. Because Europe was inferior graphite, pencil factories there experimenting with various ways to improve the content of a pencil. French engineer Nicolas-Jacques Conté mixing powdered graphite with clay, forming the mixture into sticks, and burned in the fireplace. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, he can make leads that produce various shades of black and the process used until now.
In the 19th century, the manufacture of pencil manufacture became big business. Graphite is found in several places, including Siberia, Germany, and is now the Czech Republic. In Germany and then in the United States, a number of factories opened. Mechanisation and mass production drove prices down, and at the beginning of the 20th century, even the school children using a pencil.
Initially given a graphite pencil torn wrapping paper fit the wearer. But later found it more practical and efficient way to covering the entire graphite rod with two wooden slats that ditoreh to make room for the graphite rod and then put together.
As a complement to a pencil sharpener stationery
Mechanical sharpener pencil sharpening easier for users when
Pure graphite may be preferred due to its characteristics artist was more blunt. But for everyday use, it takes a lower-quality graphite to make it more flexible. In 1795, French chemist, Nicolas Jacques Conté, find a way to mix graphite with clay to pencil produced a better and practical. One of derivative products is the pencil Konte.
On March 30, 1858 Hymen Lipman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States patented a pencil with an eraser tip. But then the patent is revoked on the grounds sebanenarnya no new invention of the pencil. Discovered a mechanical sharpener in 1880 and quickly became very popular.
Simplified Processing
Pencil in the modern era is made by crushing the pure graphite and clay into powder form. This mixture is then given water, dianginkan, and then burned for three days. Then the leads that have been molded into the form of a long and thin coated with fine wood. Initially more pencils made in a square shape due to the limited production machine. But in the modern era, was found more often form a more comfortable grip round. Still, many are fond of pencil grip angle because it gives a more robust and easier to control when writing.
Characteristic
Unlike the pens, pencils tend to give the impression of gray and colors are weak and rupture compared with a pen that gives a solid color and sharp. Pencils are also more easily removed than the pen. Some pencil eraser to be accompanied by reasons of practicality. Pencil like this well-liked student. However, most professional artists who prioritize quality will be more like a pencil without an eraser, the eraser is in doubt given the quality and frequency of removing the larger will make the eraser is too small to be quickly wasted.
Identity
Pencils are distinguished according to the composition. Letter B informs thickness (boldness), which means that more graphite content. While the letter H inform violence leadnya composition, which means more clay content. Pencil with an F means the composition is very appropriate for diraut up to maximum sharpness. While the numbers in front of the letter shows the composition of the thickness or hardness of a pencil. For example 2H going harder than H, or 2B will be softer and thicker than B. HB pencil with both properties is hard and thick.
Color pencil to show the area of production. Factories in North America to give yellow, Germany and Brazil gave a green color. India and parts of Asia to give black and red. Switzerland gives the red color. While the British gave the yellow and black. Most of the standardization of colors is created manufacturer Faber-Castell. But many producers who do not follow this standard.
Modern Pencil
Pencil is now tuilis tools and sophisticated image as well as versatile, which annually produced worldwide to stem billions. Ordinary pencil can draw a line along the 60 kilometers and write 45,000 words. Mechanical pencil leads, which stem from metal or plastic, do not need diraut. Instead of graphite, colored pencils contain dyes and pigments in dozens of colors.
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